Conservation of Mammals in Eastern North American Wildlife Reserves: How Small Is Too Small?
نویسندگان
چکیده
A common objective of methods of systematic reserve selection has been to maximize conservation benefits—frequently current species richness—while reducing the costs of acquiring and maintaining reserves. But the probability that a reserve will lose species in the future is frequently not known because the minimum area requirements for most species have not been estimated empirically. For reserves within the Alleghenian-Illinoian mammal province of eastern North America, we empirically estimated the minimum area requirement of terrestrial mammals such that reserves should not lose species because of insularization. We compared this estimate to the actual size of 2355 reserves and reserve assemblages within the mammal province. The estimated minimum area requirement was 5037 km 2 (95% CI: 2700–13,296 km 2 ). Fourteen reserves and reserve assemblages were 2700 km 2 , 9 were 5037 km 2 , and 3 were 13,296 km 2 . These 14 reserves accounted for 73% of the total area of reserves and 10% of the total area of the mammal province. Few reserves appear large enough to avoid loss of some mammal species without the additional cost of active management of habitat or populations. Immigration corridors and buffer zones that combine small reserves into assemblages totaling at least 2700 km 2 may be the most efficient means of conserving mammals in these reserves. Conservación de Mamíferos en Reservas de Vida Silvestre de Norteamérica Oriental: Que tan Pequeño es Muy Pequeño Resumen: Un objetivo común de los métodos de la selección sistemática de reservas ha sido maximizar los beneficios de la conservación—frecuentemente riquezas de especies actuales—mientras que se reducen los costos de adquisición y mantenimiento de las reservas. Sin embargo, la probabilidad de que las reservas pierdan especies en el futuro es frecuentemente sabido puesto que los requerimientos mínimos de área para la mayoría de las especies no ha sido estimada empíricamente. Para las reservas que se encuentran dentro de la provincia de mamíferos Alleghenian-Illinoian de Norteamérica oriental, estimamos empíricamente los requerimientos mínimos de área para mamíferos terrestres de tal manera que las reservas no perdiesen especies debido al aislamiento. Comparamos estas estimaciones con los tamaños actuales de 2355 reservas y ensamblajes de reservas dentro de la provincia de mamíferos. El requerimiento de área mínima estimado fue de 5037 km 2 (95% CI: 2700–13,269 km 2 ). Catorce reservas y ensamblajes de reservas fueron mayores a 2700 km 2 , 9 fueron mayores a 5037 km 2 , y 3 fueron mayores a 13,296 km 2 . Estas 14 reservas correspondían al 73% del área total de las reservas y 10% del área total de la provincia de mamíferos. Pocas reservas son lo suficientemente grandes como para evitar pérdidas de algunas especies de mamíferos sin los costos adicionales de un manejo activo de hábitat o de poblaciones. Los corredores de inmigración y las zonas de amortiguamiento que combinen pequeñas reservas dentro de ensamblajes que tengan por lo menos un total de 2700 km 2 podría ser la estrategia más eficiente para conservar mamíferos en estas reservas. ‡ Current address: CWS/NSERC Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada, email [email protected] Paper submitted May 1, 2000; revised manuscript accepted November 11, 2000. 1356 Reserve-Size Standards for Mammals Gurd et al. Conservation Biology Volume 15, No. 5, October 200
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